Reform Media of the 1800s

1. General Background
   
   1. Great Awakening (1790s-1830s)
      1. leads to growth in reform in movements
   
   
2. Reform groups and press
   
   1. Reactions from established press
      1. ignored and ridiculed
      
      
   2. Alternate forms of CMU
      1. newspapers
      2. pamphlets
      3. lyceums
      4. songs, plays posters
      5. revival meetings
   
   
3. Evangelical groups
   1. American Bible Society (1815), American Tract Society (1825)--bring God to homes
      
      
   2. New Technologies
      1. stereotyping
      2. steam-powered press
      3. machine-made paper
      
      
   3. New distribution methods
   
   
4. Anti-Slavery and CMU
   1. Background
      1. political power of plantation
      2. copperhead press
      
      
   2. Slaves and CMU as form of control
      
      
   3. How slave communicated
      1. church songs, work songs, sermons
      
      
   4. Abolition movement as free speech movement
      1. gag rule
      2. control over mails
      3. violence against Northern editors: Elijah Lovejoy
      
      
   5. Black newspaper and writings
      1. publications with black writers: Wm. Lloyd Garrison's Liberator
      2. Freedom's Journal (1827)
         1. first black paper
      3. David Walker's Appeal (1828)--blamed for slave riots
      4. North Star--Frederick Douglass (1847)
         1. most influential black abolitionist newspaper