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I. THE EMERGENCE OF DARWIN'S THEORY

What were the logic and history of Darwin's discovery? Was the new theory inspired by new facts? How did Darwin rise above the antecedents and influences that had shaped him? At what point did the pupil transcend his masters and the past give way to the future? Was Darwin a real revolutionary, and, if so, what was the nature of his revolution?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 1]

* Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species [Chapters 3, 4, 10, and 15]

* * *

1. Irving Stone, The Origin (PS3537 T669)

2. Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (B105 C5L6)

3. Frances Haber, The Age of the World: Moses to Darwin (B245 H3)

4. Charles Gillispie, Genesis and Geology [Chapters 4, 6, and 8] (BS657 G55)

5. Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist (QH31.D2 D471991)

6. Peter J. Bowler, Charles Darwin: the Man and His Influence (QH31 .D2 B743 1991)

7. Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (575.D228)

8. Michael White and John Bribbin, Darwin: A Life in Science (QH31 .D2 W495 1995)

9. Peter Raby, Alfred Russel Wallace: A Life [ordered]

10. Edward Larson, Evolution's Workshop: God and Science on the Galapagos Islands (576.8098665L334e)

11. Jean Gayon, Darwinism's Struggle for Survival: Heredity and the Hypothesis of Natural Selection [ordered]

12. Martin Fichman, Alfred Russel Wallace (575.0162W187YF)

II. THE CONTROVERSY OVER EVOLUTION IN AMERICA

Who were the proponents and dissenters of Darwin's ideas in America? Using Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, how would you explain the contending roles of Agassiz and Gray? How did American scientists prefer to interpret Darwin's theory?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 1]

* Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions


1. Asa Gray, Darwiniana (QH367 G77 1963)

2. Louis Agassiz, "Evolution and Permanence of Type," Atlantic Monthly, XXXIII (January, 1874), 92-101.

3. Thomas H. Huxley, Darwiniana (QH367 H9 1893)

4. Asa Gray, "Review of Darwin's Theory on the Origin of Species," American Journal of Sciences and Arts, XIX (1860), 153-84.

* * *

5. Bert J. Lowenberg, "The Reaction of American Scientists to Darwinism," American Historical Review, XXXVIII (July, 1933), 687-701.

6. Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz: A Life of Science (QH31 A2L8 1960)

7. Gertrude Himmelfarb, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution [Chapters 1 through 9] (QH31 D2H57 1959)

8. W.M. Smallwood, "How Darwinism Came to America," Scientific Monthly, LII (April, 1941), 342-49.

9. Bert J. Lowenberg, " The Controversy Over Evolution in New England," New England Quarterly, VIII (June, 1935).

10. Bert J. Lowenberg, "Darwinism Comes to America, 1859-1900," Mississippi Valley Historical Review , XXVIII (December, 1941), 339-68.

11. John C. Greene, The Death of Adam: Evolution and Its Impact on Western Thought (QH361 G7 1959)

12. Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (QH375 D45 1995)

13. Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought (301.0424B219S)

14. Randolph M. Nesse and George C. Williams, Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine (R723 N387 1994)

15. Richard Dawkins, River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life (QH430 D39 1995)

16. Carl N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature (HM106 .D37 1991)

17. Peter J. Bowler, Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844-1944 (573.2B681T)

18. Michael Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw (QH361.R87)

19. Ronald L. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America (231.76520973 N971d 1998)

III. RELIGION AND THE MODERN WORLD

What were the trends of opinion among the dominant religious thinkers in American society with respect to Darwin's hypothesis? Explain the position of the Modernists, Fundamentalists, Neo-Orthodox, Humanists, and Skeptics. Why did it take the Fundamentalists so long to react to Darwin?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 2]

1. Andrew D. White, A History of the Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom (BL245 W5)

2. John W. Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (Bl245 D7 1875a)

3. Lyman Abbott, The Evolution of Christianity (BR121 A25)

4. Lyman Abbott, Theology of an Evolutionist (BT78 A2)

5. Lyman Abbott, Reminiscences (BX7260 A2)

6. Charles S. Peirce, "Evolutionary Love," Monist, II (1893).

7. Shailer Mathews, The Faith of Modernism (BT 78 M39)

8. Winston Churchill, The Inside of the Cup (PS 1297 I5)

9. Henry Ward Beecher, Evolution and Religion (BL263 B4)

10. Joseph LeConte, Evolution: Its Nature, Its Evidences, and Its Relation to Religious Thought (WH367 L48 1891)

11. John Fiske, Studies in Religion (AC8F6 1902 v.21)

12. John Fiske, The Destiny of Man (BD431 F5)

13. John Fiske, The Unseen World and Other Essays (AC8 F626 1902)

14. John Fiske, Through Nature to God (BL181 F74)

15. John Fiske, Excursions of an American Evolutionist [Chapters 9, 10, and 12] (AC8F6 1902 v.19)

16. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (BT 738 R34)

17. Thomas H. Huxley, Darwiniana (QH 378 H9 1893)

18. Henry Drummond, Natural Law in the Spiritual World (BL240 D8)

19. Henry Drummond, The Ascent of Man (575 D84L)

20. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (BD512 T413)

21. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianizing the Social Order (BR 115 S6 R35)

22. James McCosh, The Religious Aspects of Evolution (QH366 M29)

23. Thomas H. Huxley, Science and the Christian Tradition (BL240 H85)

24. Roger Martin DuGard, Jean Barois (PQ2625 A823J4)

25. W.B. Riley, "The Faith of Fundamentalists," Current History, XXVI (June,1927), 434-40.

26. Charles Hodge, What is Darwinism? (QH369 H6)

27. E. Mims, "Why the Faith is Anti-Evolution," Worlds Work, L (September,1925), 548-52.

28. John Augustine Zahm, Evolution and Dogma (BT 712 Z341)

29. Albion W. Tourgee, Murvale Eastman, Christian Socialist (PS3087 M83 1890a)

30. Charles M. Sheldon, In His Steps (PS2809 S55)

31. Reinhold Niebuhr, Faith and History (D16.9 N5)

32. Paul Tillich, Biblical Religion and the Search for Ultimate Reality (BR100 T53)

33. Washington Gladden, How Much is Left of the Old Doctrine (BT 77 G5)

34. Washington Gladden, Applied Christianity (HN31 G56)

35. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (BR 110 J3)

36. Duane Gish, Evolution: The Fossils Say No! (QH 369 G4)

37. Albert Camus, The Plague (PZ3.C1574PL2)

38. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe (BL245.K631968)

39. John R. Betts, "Darwinism, Evolution, and American Catholic Thought, 1860-1900," Catholic Historical Review, 45 (1959-60), 161-85.

* * *

40. Windsor H. Roberts, The Reaction of American Protestant Churches to Darwinian Philosophy, 1860-1900 (213 R648)

41. James Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (BT 712 M66)

42. L.S. DeCamp, The Great Monkey Trial (KG C7 D31)

43. Charles H. Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865-1915 (HN39 U6H6 1940)

44. Stewart G. Cole, The History of Fundamentalism (BT82.2 C6 1931a)

45. Philip Kitcher, Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism (QH371 K57)

46. William McLoughlin, The Meaning of Henry Ward Beecher (BX7260 B3M33)

47. Ernest R. Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism (BT82.2 S223)

48. Anthony Symondson, The Victorian Crisis of Faith (BR759 V5)

49. James F. Findlay, Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837-1899 (BV3785 M7F47)

50. H. Burnell Pannill, The Religious Faith of John Fiske (B945 F44P3)

51. Paxton Hibben, Henry Ward Beecher (BX7260 B3H5 1942)

52. Ian G. Barbour, Science and Religion: New Perspectives on the Dialogue (BL 240.2 B37)

53. Ira V. Brown, Lyman Abbott, Christian Evolutionist (BX7260 A2B7)

54. A.M. Schlesinger, "A Critical Period in American Religion, 1875-1900," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, XXIV (June, 1933).

55. L.R. Godfrey (ed.), Scientists Confront Creationism (BS 652 S34 1983)

56. Edward A. White, Science and Religion in American Thought: The Impact of Naturalism (BL 245 W 63)

57. John H. Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859-1900 (BT712 R63 1988)

58 James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900 (BT712 M66)

59. Robert D. Cross, The Emergence of Liberal Catholicism in America (BX1407 A5 C75)

60. Charles Howard Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism,1865-1915 (HN39 U6H6 1940)

61. James Turner, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (BL2757 T87 1985)

62. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of 20th Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 (BT82.2 M37)

63. Norman F. Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918-1931 (BT78 F82)

64. Ray Ginger, Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (BL263 G5)

65. Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (BS651 N85 1993)

66. Raymond A. Eve and Francis B. Harrold, The Creationist Movement in Modern America (BS751 E84 1990)

67. Donald Fleming, John William Draper and the Religion of Science (Q143 D67F5 1950)

68. Adrian Desmond, Huxley: From Devil's Disciple to Evolution's High Priest (QH31.H9D4751994)

69. Paul Conkin, When All the Gods Trembled: Darwinism, Scopes and American Intellectuals [ordered]

70. M.F. Ashley Montagu (ed.), Science and Creationism (QH371S397 1984)

71. Lester D. Stephens, Science, Race, and Religion in the American South [ordered]

72. Lester D. Stephens, Joseph LeConte, Gentle Prophet of Evolution (550.L466BS)

IV. SOCIAL ETHICS

Many intellectuals in America translated the language of evolution into social and ethical theory, and the most common way of describing the result is "social Darwinism." The implication of the phrase is usually that Americans seized on Darwinism in order to create a dominant "cult of individualism" as a rationale for laissez faire capitalism. Do you agree or disagree, and why?

*Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 3]

1. Noah Porter, Elements of Moral Science (BJ 1008 P8)

2. Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution (HM 101 K5)

3. Herbert Spencer, First Principles (B 1653 F4 1900)

4. Herbert Spencer, Data of Ethics (BJ 1311 S.6 1879)

5. Herbert Spencer, The Evolution of Society (HM 51 S8112)

6. Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society (GN 400 M8)

7. Herbert Spencer, Illustrations of Universal Progress (B 1653 I2)

8. John W. Draper, Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of America (JK 39 D7)

9. Thomas H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics, and Other Essays (HM 106 H9)

10. John Fiske, American Political Ideas, Viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (JK 21 F54)

11. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (QH 365 D2)

12. John Fiske, A Century of Science [Chapters 2, 4, and 5] (AC 8 F6 1902 v.22)

13. John Fiske, Darwinism and Other Essays (AC 8 F6 1902 v. 20)

14. John Fiske, Excursions of an American Evolutionist [Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 13] (AC 8 F6 1902 v. 19)

15. Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics (JC 223 B14 1948)

16. Henry Drummond, The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man (QH 368 D7 1894)

17. William G. Sumner, Essays (H 35 S916 1934a)

18. William G. Sumner, Social Darwinism and Collected Essays (HM 22 U5S8)

19. William G. Sumner, Folkways (GT 75 S835 1979)

20. William G. Sumner, Earth Hunger and Other Essays (H35 S915)

21. Jack London, Martin Eden (PS 3523 O46 M3)

22. Jack London, The Call of the Wild (PS 3523 O46 C3 1914)

23. Jack London, The Sea-Wolf (PS 3523 O46 S4 1916)

24. Lester Ward, The Psychic Factors of Civilization (HM 251 W3)

25. C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity (240.225L58M1978)

26. Alfred C. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (301.424K56SF)

27. Alfred C. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (301.424 K56S)

* * *

28. Gertrude Himmelfarb, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution [Chapters 19 and 20] (Wh 31 D2 H7 1959)

29. Robert McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise (JA84 U5M35)

30. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought [Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5] (HM 22 U5H6)

31. Bernhard Stern, Lewis Henry Morgan: Social Evolutionist (GN 21 M858)

32. Clifford Scott, Lester Frank Ward (HM 22 U6 W35)

33. James Kennedy, Herbert Spencer (B 1657 K4)

34. Peter J. Bowler, The Invention of Progress: The Victorians and the Past (GN360 B67 1989)

35. Robert M. Young, Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture (QH361 Y681 1985)

36. Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (155.7R517d)

37. Daniel C. Dennett, Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness (BF311 D463)

38. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (QL775 W54)

39. Gillis J. Harp, Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865-1920 (E169.1 H2725 1995)

41. Peter Singer, A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution and Cooperation [ordered]

42. James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life (301.424 K56BJ1997)

V. BEGINNINGS OF POLITICAL CRITICISM

For many thoughtful Americans the welter of frontier individualism was a severe trial to their faith in American institutions. An ambitious industrialism colliding with a shambling Jacksonian democracy was forecasting consequences to government and to society that intelligent men and women could not shut their eyes to. To deal with the problems facing them, most American critics were singularly ill equipped. What were the problems that pressed for solution?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 5]

1. Edwin Godkin, Unforseen Tendencies of Democracy (JK 246 G58)

2. Edwin Godkin, Problems of Modern Democracy: Political and Economic Essays (H35 G54)

3. Edwin Godkin, Reflections and Comments (PS 1750 R3)

4. James Russell Lowell, Democracy and Other Essays (PS 23300 FO4a)

5. Francis Churchill Williams, J. Devlin Boss (W39 O33)

6. Mark Twain and Charles D. Warner, The Gilded Age (PS 311 A1)

7. Henry Adams, Democracy (PS 1004 A4D3)

8. Henry Adams, Ester (PS 1004 A4D3)

9. Will Payne, The Money Captain (PA 2534 P5 M6)

10. Robert Grant, Unleavened Bread (PS 1762 U54 1900a)

11. Will Payne, Mr. Salt (PS 2534 P5 M9)

12. Finley Peter Dunne, Mr. Dooley on Everything and Everybody (PN 6161 D8257)

13. Elliott Flower, The Spoilsman (PS 3511 L8576)

14. Hamlin Garland, Crumbling Idols (PS 1732 C7 1952)

15. Hamlin Garland, A Spoil of Office (PS 1732 S 6 1969)

16. Hamlin Garland, Main Travelled Roads (PS 1732 M33 1899)

17. Hamlin Garland, Prairie Folks (PS 1732 P 73)

18. F. Marion Crawford, An American Politician (PS 1455 A52)

*****

19. George Levine, Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Literature (PR878.S34L41988)

VI. THE SOCIAL CRITICS

For two and a half centuries, the pattern of life woven by the scattering of men and women along a wide frontier had transformed America into a society that was decentralized, individualistic, and democratic. Then had come the Industrial Revolution that in creating great cities and in drawing people from the plow to the machine was to undo in a few brief years the long work of the dispersion, repudiate the ideals of the Enlightenment, and provide a new pattern for a consolidating urban society. What new forces were at work? How did they affect the individual? How did Darwin's ideas fit this new paradigm of forces?

*Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 5]

1. Frank Norris, Responsibilities of a Novelist (PN 3451 H6)

2. Frank Norris, The Octopus (PS 2472 O4 1901)

3. Frank Norris, The Pit (PS 2472 P5 1903)

4. Frank Norris, McTeague (PS 2472 M3 1920)

5. Theodore Dreiser, The Financier (PS 3507 R55 F5 1927)

6. Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie (PS 3507 R5555 1969)

7. Theodore Dreiser, The Titan (PS 3507 R55T5 1927)

8. Theodore Dreiser, The Stoic (PS 3507 R55 S8)

9. William Dean Howells, A Hazard of New Fortunes (PS 2025 H3 1965)

10. William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham (PS 2025 R5)

11. William Dean Howells, Annie Kilburn (PS 2025 A53)

12. Jack London, People of the Abyss (HV 4088 L8L8 1903b)

13. Jack London, War of the Classes (HV 64 L85)

14. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (PS 3537 I85 J8)

15. Upton Sinclair, King Coal (PS 3537 I85 K5)

16. William Allen White, A Certain Rich Man (PS 3545 H617 C4)

17. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (HV 196 C4H7 1911)

18. Paul L. Ford, The Honorable Peter Stirling (PS 1692 H66 1894a)

19. Alfred H. Lewis, The Boss (PS 2246 L18 P67)

20. Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (PS 1449 C85 M32)

21. Robert Herrick, Memoirs of an American Citizen (PS 1922 M4 1963)

22. Robert Herrick, The Man Who Wins (PS 3535 E72 M2)

23. Robert Herrick, A Life for a Life (PS 1922 L54)

24. Robert Herrick, The Web of Life (PS 1922 W4)

25. Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company (HD 2769 O4T2)

26. David G. Phillips, The Deluge (PS 3531 H5 D44 1969)

27. Brand Whitlock, The 13th District (PS 3545 H75 T55 1968)

28. Winston Churchill, The Inside of the Cup (PS 1297 I58)

29. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature (PS 1613 A1 1836a)

30. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The American Scholar (PS 160Z Z5 1982)

***

31. George Levine, Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Literature (PR878.S34L41988)

VII. THE OLD POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE NEW

What were the elements of classical economics and how did they fit into the American scene in the 1870s and 1880s? What was the task of government in this model? Who were the reformers and from whence did their ideas spring?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapters 4 & 8]

1. Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers: An Experiment in Reality (HD 8072 W932)

2. John Hay, The Breadwinners (PS 1902 B7 1973)

3. H.F. Kennan, The Moneymakers (PS 2157 M6 1968)

4. Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (E185.97 W3 1901)

5. Booker T. Washington, The Negro in Business (E 185.8 W3 1969)

6. Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (HB 835 C3 1962)

7. Mary Antin, The Promised Land (184. J5 A66 1985)

8. Henry George, Progress and Poverty (HB 171 G27 1955)

9. Henry George, Social Problems (HB 171 G37 1883)

10. Lawrence Gronlund, The New Economy: A Peaceable Solution of the Social Problem (HX 86 G86)

11. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (HB 831 V4)

12. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (HN 64 C89)

13. Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, CCCXCI (June, 1889), 653-64.

14. Jack London, The People of the Abyss (HV 4088 L8L8 1903a)

15. Jack London, War of the Classes (HN 64 L85)

16. Thorstein Veblen, "Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, XII (July, 1889), 373-97.

17. Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives (HV 4046 N6 R58 1970a)

18. Francis A. Walker, The Wages Question (HB 301 W2 1876a)

19. Francis A. Walker, Political Economy (HB 171 W2 1887)

20. Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities (JS 403 1957 S81)

21. David A. Wells, Robinson Crusoe's Money (H 6527 W46 1876)

22. Henry C. Carey, The Harmony of Interests: Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Commerce (HF 1754 C32 1851a)

23. Theodore D. Wolsey, Political Science: Or, the State Theoretically and Practically Considered (JC 213 W9)

24. Henry Demerest Lloyd, Wealth Against the Commonwealth (HD 2769 O4L8)


* * *

25. Irvin Wyllie, "Social Darwinism and the Businessman," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 103 (October, 1959), 629-35.

26. Robert G. McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise (JA 84 U5 M35)

27. John G. Sproat, The Best Men: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (E661 S65)

28. Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General Welfare State (HN 57 F54)

29. Benjamin Rader, The Academic Mind and Reform: Influence of R.T. Ely (HB 119 E5R3 1966)

30. Charles Madison, Critics and Crusaders (E 176 M22 1959)

31. George R. Geiger, The Philosophy of Henry George (HB 119 G4 G35)

32. Joseph Dorfman, Thorstein Veblen and His America (HB 119 V4 D6)

33. Gillis J. Harp, Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865-1920 (E169.1 H2725 1995)

34. Elizabeth Jorgensen and Henry Jorgensen, Thorstein Veblen: Victorian Firebrand (330.1V395Bj 1999)

VIII. THE BACKWASH OF THE FRONTIER

The marrow of Americanism is not the same substance from generation to generation. Was Mark Twain an embodiment of a frontier past or of the future? Was he the last authentic American--a native writer thinking his own thoughts, using his own eyes, speaking his own dialect, with everything European fallen away? Is he a changing reflection of American society that speaks to its hopes and contradictions?

1. Mark Twain, Roughing It (PS 1300 F72 V2)

2. Mark Twain, Innocents Abroad (PS 1312 A1 1967)

3. Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer (PS 1300 F72 V4)

4. Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (F 35 C6454)

5. Mark Twain, Huck Finn (PS 1305 A1 1965)

6. Mark Twain, Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (PS 1308 A1 1942)

7. Mark Twain, Joan of Arc (CD 103 C62)

8. Mark Twain, The Mysterious Stranger (PS 1322 M97 1922)

9. Mark Twain, What is a Man (PS 1322 W5 1917a)

10. Mark Twain, The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyburg (PS 1322 M 25)

11. Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth (PS 1331 A3 1962)

12. Mark Twain, Prince and the Pauper (PS 1300 F72 v.6)

13. Mark Twain and Charles D. Warner, The Gilded Age (PS 1322 G5 1901)

14. Ole Evart Rolvaag, Giants in the Earth: A Saga of the Prairie (PT 9150 R55122)

15. Hamlin Garland, Main Travelled Roads (PS 1732 M3 1970)

16. Hamlin Garland, Prairie Folks (PS 1732 P73)

17. Joseph Kirkland, Zury, The Meanest Man in Spring County (PS 2194 Z8)

18. James Agee, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (F 326 A17)

IX. THE QUEST FOR UTOPIA

The approach of the new century inspired a flood of books that reflected on problems of the nineteenth and the possibilities of the twentieth. Who were these writers? Were they optimistic or pessimistic? Is there a particular reason why they chose the written word to express their thoughts? What were the alternatives to their utopias? Who were their counterparts in Europe?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 5]

1. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (HX 811 B33 1887)

2. Edward Bellamy, Equality (HX 811 B5 1887)

3. Ignatius Donnelly, Caesar's Column (PS 1545 D55C4 1960)

4. William D. Howells, The Traveller from Altruria (PS 2025 T7)

5. William D. Howells, Through the Eye of the Needle (PS 2025 T5)

6. Frederick U. Adams, President John Smith: The Story of Peaceful Revolution (PS 3501 D 253 P7 1896a)

7. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Looking Forward (E 743 R664)

8. Charles W. Caryl, The New Era (HX 811 1897 C22)

9. Herman H. Brismade, Utopia Achieved: A Novel of the Future (PS 3503 R 5595 U8)

10. Albert Chavannes, The Commonwealth (HX 811 1892 C4)

11. T. Wharton Collens, Eden of Labor (HD 8072 C74)

12. Richard Michaelis, Looking Further Forward (HX 811 1887 B7M52)

13. James Cowan, Daybreak: A Romance of an Old World (PS 3505 O 93 D2)

14. J. W. Roberts, Looking Within (HX 811 1887 B7R72)

15. Arthur D. Vinton, Looking Further Backward (HX 811 1887 B7V6)

16. Henry P. Mendes, Looking Ahead (D 5119 M58 1971)

17. Charles S. Daniel, AI: A Social Vision (PS 3507 A 575 A2)

18. William A. Taylor, Intermere (HX 811 1901 T22)

19. Paul Devinne, The Day of Prosperity: A Vision of the Century to Come (HX 811 1902 D49)

20. Charles W. Wooldridge, Perfecting the Earth (HX 811 1902 W72)

21. Alvarado M. Fuller, AD 2000 (PS 3511 U22 A19)

22. Rev. Thomas McGrady, Beyond the Black Ocean (PS 3525 A25223 B4)

23. Milan C. Edson, Solaris Farm: A Story of the Twentieth Century (PS 3509 D81 S6)

24. Austin T. Wright, Islandia (PS 3545 R 154 I8 1971)

25. Ludwig A. Geissler, Looking Beyond (PS 3513 E35 L8)

26. A. H. Huxley, Brave New World (PR 6015 V9B68 1958)

27. Bradford Peck, The World a Department Store (HX 811 1911 P3)

28. Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano (PS 3572 O5P43 1966)

29. Soloman Schmidler, Young West (HX 811 1897 B7S3)

30. B.F. Skinner, Walden Two (HX 811 1948 S55)

31. Cosmo Noto, Ideal City (HX 811 1903 N9)

32. George Orwell, 1984 (PR 6029 R8N5 1963)

33. William S. Hams, Life in a Thousand Worlds (PS 3515 A 78 L7)

34. George Orwell, Animal Farm (PR 6029 R8 A68)

35. Henry Olerich, Cityless and Countryless World (HN 64 O4)

36. Edward E. Hale, How They Lived in Hampton (HD 3445 H3)

37. Walter Henry, Equitania (HX 811 1914 H4)

38. Frank Rosewater, '96: A Romance of Utopia (HX 811 1894 R67)

39. Edward E. Hale, Sybaris and Other Homes (HD 7287 H2)

40. Louis A. Reitmeister, If Tomorrow Comes (PS 3535 E49 I2)

41. Samuel Butler, Erewhon (PR349.B7 E6 1932)

42. Alfred Cridge, Utopia; or History of an Extinct Planet (HX811 C86u 1884)

* * *

43. Granville Hicks, The First to Awaken (PS 3515 I3 F52)

44. David Moore, Age of Progress (HX 811 1856 M8)

45. Daniel Aaron, Men of Good Hope (E 176 A2)

46. Charles Madison, Critics and Crusaders (E 176 M22 1959)

47. Arthur E. Morgan, Edward Bellamy (HX 84 B37 M6)

48. Mark Holloway, Heavens on Earth (HX 653 H66 1951)

49. Jean Pfaelzer, The Utopian Novel in America, 1886-1896 (PS374 U8P43 1984)

50. Arthur Lipow, Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and theNationalist Movement (HX86 L73 1982)

X. SUBJECT OF RACE

The concept of racial inferiority was beyond critical reach in the nineteenth century. Anthropology, medicine, psychology, and sociology became the instruments which "verified" theories of race extinction and helped to rationalize the politics of disfranchisement and segregation. Did dissent about the character of evolution have any bearing on the concept of racial inferiority?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 9]

1. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (HT 1521 S7)

2. Paul L. Dunbar, Lyrics of Lowly Life (PS 1556 L6)

3. Joel Chandler Harris, Uncle Remus, His Songs and Sayings (PZ78 H242 U5)

4. Thomas Dixon, The Leopard's Spots (PS 3507 I93 L46)

5. Thomas N. Page, In Ole Virginia (PS 2514 I5)

6. Thomas N. Page, The Old South: Essays Social and Political (F 206 P 134)

7. Thomas N. Page, Red Rock, A Chronicle of Reconstruction (PS 2514 R4 1898a)

8. Philip A. Bruce, The Plantation Negro as a Freeman (E 185.66 B88 1970)

9. Carlyle McKinley, An Appeal to Pharoah: The Negro Problem and Its Radical Solution (E185.61 M152 1907a)

10. W.E.B. Dubois, The Soul of Black Folk (E185.5 D811)

11. David G. Croly, Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races (PS 508.1 C876m)

12. John B. Haycraft, Darwinism and Race Progress (QH 366 H4)

13. Joseph P. Widney, Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (GN 539 W7)

14. George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (HT 1521 M63)

15. Josiah Royce, Race Questions, Provincialism and Other American Problems (E 168 R89)

16. Arthur DeGobineau, The Inequality of the Races (CB 195 G52)

17. Edward Eggleston, The Ultimate Solution of the Negro Problem (E185.61 E29)

18. Nathaniel Shaler, The Neighbor: The Natural History of Human Contacts (HT 1521 S4)

19. Nathaniel Shaler, The Citizen (JK 1759 S52)

20. Alfred H. Stone, Studies in the American Race Problem (E185.61 S87)

21. John H. VanEvrie, White Supremacy and Negro Subordination (E449 V2490)

* * *

22. Stephen Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (BF 431 G68 1981)

23. Jacques Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstition (GN 315 B3 1965)

24. Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought (E185.61 L64)

25. Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (E184 A1G6 1963a)

26. George Stocking, Race, Culture and Evolution (GN 325 S75)

27. Idus Newby, In Defense of Jim Crow (E 185.61 N 475)

28. Charles E. Wynes, Forgotten Voices: Dissenting Southerners in the Age of Conformity (E 185.61 W976)

29. August Meier, Negro Thought in America (E 185.6 M5)

30. George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (E 185 F836)

31. E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment (HN 57 B26)

32. John S. Haller, Jr., Outcasts From Evolution (E185.61 H3)

33. Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (E185 J69)

34. William Stanton, Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America, 1815-1859 (GN17 S75)

35. Lester D. Stephens, Science, Race, and Religion in the American South [ordered]

36. Stephen G. Alter, Darwinism and the Linguistic Image: Language, Race, and Natural Theology in the 19th Century (410.909034A466d 1999)

37. Sven Lindqvist, The Skull Measurer's Mistake: And Other Portraits of Men and Women Who Spoke Out Against Racism [ordered]

XI. IMPERIALISM

At the time when Darwin was still hesitantly outlining his theory in private, racial destiny had already been called upon by American Expansionists to support the conquest of Mexico. Did Anglo-Saxonism, which for a time had a particularly powerful grip on Americans, depend upon Darwinism either for its inception or for its development? Was Darwinism put in the service of the imperial urge? If so, how? Was it also a tool of the anti-imperialists? If so, how?

* Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapter 9]

1. John Fiske, American Political Ideals (JK 21 F54)

2. Josiah Strong, Our Country (BV 2775 S8 1963)

3. Josiah Strong, Expansion Under New World Conditions (JV 527 S88 1971)

4. Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West 6 vols., (F 351 R79 1901)

5. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (GN 575 G75 1921)

6. Laurence Gronlund, Our Destiny (BJ 1388 G76 1891)

7. Homer Lea, The Day of the Saxon (DA 18 L4)

8. Homer Lea, The Valor of Ignorance (VA 23 L4 1942)

9. Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden," Living Age, CCX (February,1899), 457-58.

10. William G. Sumner, The Conquest of the U.S. by Spain (H 35 S913)

11. Mark Twain, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness," North American Review, ClXXII (February, 1901), 161-75.

12. Harriet Bradbury, "War as a Necessity of Evolution," Arena, XXI (January, 1899), 94-95.

13. Charles Morris, "War as a Factor of Civilization," Popular Science Monthly, LXXXII (October, 1895), 823-34.

14. Benjamin Kidd, "The U.S. and the Control of the Tropics," Atlantic Monthly, LXXII (December, 1898), 721-27.

15. F. Spencer Baldwin, "United States and the Philippines: Some Gains from Expansion," Arena, XXII (November, 1899), 570-75.

16. W.J. McGee, "The Growth of the U.S.," National Geographic Magazine, IX (September, 1898), 377-86.

17. John L. Stevens, "A Plea for Annexation," North American Review, CLVII (December, 1893), 736-45.

18. Stephen B. Luce, "The Benefits of War," North American Review, CLIII (December, 1891), 672-83.

19. Nikolae Lenin, Imperialism, The Last Stage in the Development of Capitalism (HB 501 L3322)

20. Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (D27M2161918)

* * *

21. Julius Pratt, The Expansionists of 1898 (E 173 P895)

22. Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny (E179.5 W45 1935a)

23. Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission (E 169.1 B943)

24. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought (HM22 U5H6)

25. Walter Millis, The Martial Spirit (E 175 M76)

26. John S. Haller, Jr., Outcasts From Evolution (E 185.61 H3)

27. Earl M. Winslow, The Pattern of Imperialism (JC 359 W55)

28. Earl M. Winslow, "Marxism, Liberal, and Sociological Theories of Imperialism," Journal of Political Economy, XXXIX (December, 1931), 713-58.

29. F.H. Harrington, "Literary Aspects of American Anti-Imperialism, 1898-1902," New England Quarterly, X (December, 1937), 650-67.

30. Marcus M. Wilkerson, Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War (E 721 W5 1932a)

31. Robert L. Beisner, Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists (E713 B47)

XII. GOVERNING PHILOSOPHIES

The modern habit of expecting an authoritative reply from science on almost any subject where hard data can be found dates from Darwin. The scientific method, as we have come to believe, cannot be walled off into a few safe areas; wherever empirical evidence exists, there the method of science belongs. No future paradigm explaining our thought processes is likely to endanger the primacy of the scientific method in western culture. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

*Paul F. Boller, Jr., American Thought in Transition [Chapters 6, 7, &10]

1. Henry Adams, The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (D 16.8 A3)

2. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (E 175.5 A174 Z76)

3. George Santayana, The Life of Reason (B945 S23 L7)

4. Henry Adams, Mont-Saint Michel and Chartres (DC 20 A2 1936)

5. Charles Francis Adams, Autobiography (E 664 A19 A2 1916a)

6. Brooks Adams, The Law of Civilization and Decay (D 16.9 A2 1943)

7. Brooks Adams, The Theory of Social Revolutions (JC 491 A2)

8. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (LB 875 D35)

9. John Dewey, The School and Society (LB 875 D4 1915)

10. John Dewey, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy (B 945 D43 I4)

11. John Dewey, The Quest for Certainty (BD 161 D4)

12. William James, Essays in Pragmatism (B945 J23 E67)

13. William James, Pragmatism (B 832 J2)

14. Josiah Royce, The Hope of the Great Community (B 945 R63 H6)

* * *

15. Morton C. White, Social Thought in America: The Revolt Against Formalism (H 53 U5W5 1957)

16. William H. Jordy, Henry Adams, Scientific Historian (E 175.5 A175)

17. J.C. Levenson, The Mind and Art of Henry Adams (E 175.5 A1765)

18. Frederick C. Jaher, Doubters and Dissenters: Cataclysmic Thought in America (HN 64 J25)

19. Timothy P. Donovan, Henry Adams and Brooks Adams (E 175.5 A 1748)

20. Thornton Anderson, Brooks Adams, Constructive Conservative (HC 110 C6A73)

21. Arthur F. Beringause, Brooks Adams (D 15 A3B4)

22. Van Wyck Brooks, America's Coming of Age (E 169.1 B7895)

23. Van Wyck Brooks, The Confident Years (PS 214 B7)

24. Harold D. Cater, Henry Adams and His Friends (E 175.5 A18428)

25. Philip Wiener, Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism (B 868 W63)

26. Peter J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 (QH 361 B68)

27. Louise L. Stevenson, The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860-1880 (E169.1 S834 1991)

28. Peter Bowler, The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth (QH361.B6931988)

XIII. THE THIRD CULTURE

In 1963, C.P. Snow, in a now famous essay, wrote about the polarization of the "two cultures"--literary intellectuals on the one hand, and scientists on the other. Although he hoped for the emergence of a "third culture" that would bridge the gap, it is only recently- books such as Daniel C. Dennett's Consciousness Explained, Stephen Jay Gould's Wonderful Life, Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time, Roger Penrose's The Emperor's New Mind, and Stephen Pinker's The Language Instinct became bestsellers--that science has changed the intellectual landscape. Now it is scientists, not literary intellectuals, who have the most to say on the important questions facing mankind. Do you agree or disagree? What are the significant arguments that make up this debate?


1. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals (973.9J17L)

2. C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures (501S674T1963)

3. George C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (574.5W723A)

4. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (QH437D38)

5. Richard Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype (575D271E)

6. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (575D271B)

7. Stephen Jay Gould, The Panda's Thumb (QH361G661980)

8. Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin (QH361.G651977)

9. Stephen Jay Gould, The Flamingo's Smile (QH81.G6731985)

10. Steve Jones, The Language of the Genes: Biology, History, and the Evolutionary Future (QH431.J5751994)

11. Niles Eldredge, Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria (575.0162E37T)

12. Niles Eldredge, The Miner's Canary QE721.2E97)

13. Lynn Margulis, Mystery Dance (306.709M331M)

14. John Maynard Smith, Did Darwin Get it Right? (QH371.M2981989)

15. Ernst Mayr, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (574.01M474T)

16. Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind (BF431M5531986)

17. Daniel C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (126D339C)

18. Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (006.3P417E)

19. Roger Schank, Tell Me a Story (153S299T)

20. Paul Davies, The Cosmic Blueprint (523.1D257C)

21. Paul Davies, Other Worlds (530.12D2880)

22. Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory (QC21.2W4281993)

23. Christopher G. Langton (ed.), Artificial Life (577A7911990)

24. Ernst Mayr, Evolution and the Diversity of Life (575.08 M474E)

25. George B. Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (006.3D998D 1997)

26. John H. Campbell and J. William Schopf (eds.), Creative Evolution?! [ordered]

27. Alexandre Koyre, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (610.908 J66PSER3)

28. Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (123.3H121T)

XIV. REVIEW AND RECAPITULATION

This class will be used to review the semester's work. Each student will choose one of the previous units and prepare a presentation that will recapitulate the discussion and impact of Darwin's work on the topic.

1. Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution (Q573.203M659E)

2. Tom McIver, Anti-Evolution: A Reader's Guide to Writings Before and After Darwin (575.006M152A)

3. Peter J. Bowler, Life's Splendid Drama: Evolutionary Biology and the Reconstruction of Life's Ancestry, 1860-1940

XV. PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

Students will present the findings of their research papers in a short presentation to the class. Presentations will include a statement of the thesis, problems encountered in the development of the paper, a brief explanation of the resources used to research the paper, and conclusions. Students will critique each other's papers.

Relevant Web Pages

American Intellectual History: http://www.ucr.edu/h-gig/hist-topics/intelam.html

Prepared by the Department of History, University of California, Riverside, it provides portraits and on-line text of major American thinkers; includes American Scholars Texts On-Line.

American Intellectual History: http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/

Selected list of on-line books prepared by the University of Pennsylvania. Lists major thinker, provides short biography, and available texts-on line. One of the best sources for books on-line.

Darwin-L Web Server: Darwin-L@raven.cc.ukans.edu

This is an international network discussion group for academic professionals in the historical sciences. Darwin-L was established in 1993 to promote the reintegration of a range of fields all of which are concerned with reconstructing the past from evidence in the present, and to encourage communication among researchers in these fields. In spite of its name, Darwin-L does not focus specifically on the work of Charles Darwin, but rather covers the entire range of palaetiology from an explicitly comparative perspective, including evolutionary biology, historical linguistics, textual transmission and stemmatics, historical geology, systematics and phylogeny, archeology, paleontology, historical geography, cosmology, and historical anthropology. It is not an amateur chat-oriented forum, nor a forum for discussion of creationism versus evolution. The site is administered by Dr. Robert J. O'Hara, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Dr. Gregory C. Mayer, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, with the cooperation of the Department of History and the Academic Computing Center of the University of Kansas.

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