1	Masculinities – Laurie Neoliberalism - Postero
2	Laurie – Establishing Development Orthodoxy: Negotiating Masculinities in the Water Sector Development studies Identity Globalizing discourses Gendered representations Modernity “New Social Movements” “Women in Development” Creation of masculine subjects
3	Female subject Social exclusion of women Feminization of poverty Women as female heads of households Female agency Constructions of femininities are constrained and overturned in different contexts Gender identities and social movements Gender identities and economic and political restructuring Gender identities and wider context of globalization
4	Creation of masculine subjects Emphasis on masculine subjectivities – gendered development actor identities which have political meanings Examine male bias at an ideological, institutional and discursive level Gendered terms Gendered language
5	Creation of masculine subjects Differences of generation, ethnicity, class, sexuality. Household gender relations and gendered division of work. Different scales for constructing masculinities.- Global nation-state, local communities, and/or Household
6	Creation of masculine subjects Heroic masculinities – resistance struggles (heroic, charismatic, legal-rational masculinities) Vulnerable indigenous man – poor, feminized indigenous people, “non-modern”, “backward” “Welfarist” solutions Violent oppressor – structural adjustment à loss of male jobs (mine closures) à women in labor force, male unemployment à loss of male status in home à male domestic violence “violent authoritarian control over the household”
7	Recall tic-toc – mid 1990s - 2000 Indigenous arguments valorized Countered racist views of Indians Countered individualist neo-liberal prescriptions Built on existing power bases in Labor unions Peasant organizations Added new organizations in civil society NGOs Water Associations
8	“Civil society” Society that exists outside of formal institutions of Economy Government Includes Fraternal organizations, clubs, etc. NGOs (not-for-profits) Religious groups Unions Other forms of association
9	New alliances Professionals, unions, women’s organizations Mestizo and indigenous Quechua groups Rural and urban Indigenous discourse legitimated this ancestry to urban middle classes
10	FROM MARGINAL TO HEROIC - ‘ALTERNATIVE’ HEGEMONIC MASCULINE SUBJECTIVITIES Regional masculinities in national power-brokering. Anglo- American hegemonic masculinity (a veneer of social informality, teamwork and flexibility while pursuing competitiveness) Asian (Japanese) business masculinities - specificity, local culture, team-learning and knowledge-sharing ‘Transnational indigenous man’ Coordinora – new form of consensual politics that also provided a space for women’s activism and leadership.joining rational and emotional aspects of masculinity, open also to women
11	Three gendered versions of the modern: technocratic neo-liberalism – “institutional strengthening” social development – “welfarist” “techno-fix development” – modernizing engineers
12	Indigenous Responses to Neoliberalism: A Look at the Bolivian Uprising of 2003 Nancy Postero
13	Neoliberal policies Exploitation of natural gas New alliances Urban poor Students Peasants Across class and ethnicity Created a new Bolivian public Poor and indigenous
14	Thesis: in the process of contesting neoliberalism and demanding new forms of public decision making, Bolivian indigenous and popular social movements are redefining the meaning of democracy.
15	Tic toc of “la crisis” 2000 – Guerra del agua, Cochabamba 2003 – Resignation of President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada 1993-1997 – implemented neo-liberal reforms, including “capitalization” – hurt poor Sold interests in five of the largest state firms Included YPFB, state-owned petroleum company Slashed government jobs Promoted transnational exploitation of natural resources Allowed more power locally - two significant reform laws Popular Participation Law Agrarian Reform Law
16	Tic toc of “la crisis” 2000 – Guerra del agua, Cochabamba 2003 – Resignation of President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada (“Goni”) 1993-1997 – implemented neo-liberal reforms, including “capitalization” – hurt poor Sold interests in five of the largest state firms Included YPFB, state-owned petroleum company Slashed government jobs Promoted transnational exploitation of natural resources Allowed more power locally – two significant reform laws Popular Participation Law Agrarian Reform Law Feb. 2003 – Tax hike on middle class workers Military and police fought Tax rescinded Oct. 2003 – Uprising, Sanchez de Lozada resigned
17	Precipitating issue de Lozada’s plan to build a natural gas pipeline across Chile To export gas to U.S. and Mexico
18	Tic toc continued Late September – COB, national trade union confederation, called for general strike Renationalization of hydrocarbon sector Natural gas resources be used to develop Bolivia’s own industries. Miners and teachers first to strike, followed by Students in La paz
19	Followed by: Peasants from the Yungas Cochabamba – La Coordinadora forces Indigenous people from El Alto – pitched battles Est. 80 dead Intellectuals – hunger strike to end violence Middle class – call for Goni’s resignation Goni loses elite support
20	Tic-toc continued de Lozada resigns – flies to miami VP Carolos Mesa Gisbert becomes president
21	Why the alliance? Gas plan squandering Bolivia’s patrimony History of elite control of natural resources Few benefits reach lower classes “popular dependency theory critique” Core benefits at periperhy’s expense Nationalist nerve Hostility to Chile – War of the Pacific 1879-1883 Gas to go to U.S. resentment of U.S. (and US identified IMF) power Resentment of dependence on U.S. aid U.S. role in drug eradication campaigns
22	Evo Morales - MAS MAS – Movimiento al Socialismo Highland Indians Lowland indigenous groups Labor unions Landless activists Moved into political prominence 2002 – 20% of vote, seats in Congress U.S. ambassador heavy-handed threatened trade & aid cutoff if Morales elected
23	Gas reforms under Mesa, post Oct. 2003 – p. 85 Mesa: Abrogation of previous hydrocarbon law Refinancing national petroleum corporation Combination of gas exportation & domestic gas use Popular demand: Use gas for national development (“import substitution”) Elites: Export gas with increased royalties to be paid at the regional level. Five reforms voted on – all passed
24	Monday What do “citizenship” and “democracy” mean? What does Postero mean by “Subjectivity is formed through a complex process of interpellation into socially constructed ethnic and class categroies and (sometimes) fluid movement between these categories” (p. 84)?