1	Indigenous Responses to Neoliberalism: A Look at the Bolivian Uprising of 2003 Nancy Postero
2	Question What do “citizenship” and “democracy” mean? What does Postero mean by “Subjectivity is formed through a complex process of interpellation into socially constructed ethnic and class categories and (sometimes) fluid movement between these categories” (p. 84)?
3	History of concept of democracy (following T.H. Marshall 1949) civil rights = property rights, equal treatment under the law, individual protection from state violence political rights = right to vote and hold elective office social rights = health care, education, mediating inequalities inherent in capitalism
4	Ideal of liberal citizenship: rights-bearing citizens “can participate as equals and, by arguing about collective projects for society, guide formal political decision-making”[cites Avritzer 2002:5, Habermas 1991] But: deep inequalities of class and race abrogate political democracy
5	Earlier Latin American reforms: Elites controlled the demands of the poor through corporatist institutions or by resorting to authoritarian regimes. Result is a fragmented and disarticulated civil society. P. 79. Democratization process across LA have broadened citizen’s political rights, allowing for a growing role of civil society actors
6	Corporatist institutions [p. 79] political system in which legislative power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, and professional groups. Contrasts with: pluralism in which many groups must compete for control of the state (Wikipedia)
7	Corportist vs. liberal pluralist models of government – post-1970s Democratization process across LA have broadened citizen’s political rights, allowing for a growing role of civil society actors.
8	MAS reveals how the exercise of political rights can result in the expansion of social and civil rights. P. 79 Both spaces for subaltern organizing AND critical sites for the integrative projects of state building, as new citizens are interpellated by compelling discourses of belonging.
9	Recall Postero’s thesis Thesis: in the process of contesting neoliberalism and demanding new forms of public decision making, Bolivian indigenous and popular social movements are redefining the meaning of democracy.
10	Relationship of citizenship to the contested construction of collective & individual identities struggles over cultural politics right to struggle over the cultural forms and shapes of the society systematic discrimination makes the exercise of citizenship rights impossible Struggle for equality waged in multiple sites: Daily practices Economic and material exchanges Discursive arenas Civil society’s political contestations with the state
11	Neoliberalism and indigenous rights [80] created new opportunities for civil society actors to participate in and contest state processes Indigenous people cooperated, taking advantage of the political openings provided by new programs endured changes along with everyone else mounted overt opposition new: struggles provided new opportunities to ally with other sectors, especially when indigenous people in the majority
12	Important new arenas: [81] Neoliberal state: lean and efficient. Changed way indigenous people integrated into state Corportatist and patronal organization as rural indigenous groups vs. theory of autonomous, responsible individual Created local political and economic autonomy – locally specific cultural practices End of much state assistance Abolition of corporate property rights (Mexico) Offered new opportunities & potentially new freedoms Emerge from state protection & control as political actors “Political reforms may offer indigenous groups increased authority and financial control at the local level” (p. 82) (Law of Popular Participation”) Threatened indigenous lands, esp. in lowlands – mineral exploration and exploitation created drastic economic crisis that affected all sectors 82 potential alliance with other popular forces 83
13	Evangelical Protestantism in the Northern Highlands of Bolivia Andrew Canessa
14	Guiding questions [p. 21] Why, even though Protestant missions have been active in Bolivia since the 1890s, it was not until 60 years later that they were able to achieve even moderate success? What was the nature of the cultural and social contexts that gave the impetus for Aymara-speakers…to adopt, and to continue to adopt, a set of beliefs which are aggressively opposed to the traditional syncretic beliefs of the altiplano inhabitants?
15	Canessa’s answer The spread of Protestantism can be linked to the progressive integration of Indians into the national economy and culture.
16	Historical narrative Note differences from Heroic popular struggles (NACLA) Indigenous glory of Tiwanaku empire (Aymara nationalists – esp. Quispe) Heroic modernizing middle classes
17	Titicaca (La Paz)
18	Titicaca (La Paz)
19	History – politics of land ownership Pre-Conquest – Incorporated into Inca Empire – late 1400s Spanish conquest of Inca – 1532 Spanish conquest of Tiwanaku region – 1538 – taxed free Indigenous communities Extirpation of Idolatries (First half of 17^th century) Syncretism of indigenous and Catholic religious beliefs and practices Republican period – 1826 Expropriation of Indian lands. 1855-1871 – Indian communities declared “extinct”, lands sold off to (white) oligarchy
20	History – of political regimes Development of liberalism – late 19^th century Protestant missionaries to the Indians (Protestants of the First [Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian] and Second Protestant Reformations) Canadian Methodists & Baptists, Brethren Disestablishment of Catholic Church – 1906 1907 – Seventh Day Adventists. Struggles over education and land. Revolution of 1952 – Overthrow of landowning oligarchy Land reform – Land to the tiller Mass education (Spanish) Indio outlawed – replaced by campesino
21	History – of religion Extirpation of Idolatries – 16^th century Catholic accommodation to indigenous beliefs and practices First Protestant Reformation Anglican Presbyterian Lutheran Second Protestant Reformation Baptists Methodists
22	History – of religion Third Protestant Reformation Evangelical and fundamentalist Anti-syncretic Oppose chewing coca and consuming alcohol Rapid growth after Revolution – 7^th Day Adventists 1950 - 2,000 1960 – 10,000 Assemblies of God Masses -- mestizos & whites aligned with Catholic Church
23	Important proscriptions Against inebriation Alcohol Chewing coca Against compadrazco For “clean living”
24	Forces pushing Aymara & Quechua into cities Land reform of 1952 with mass education Rapid population growth Environmental degradation Spread of education Improved communications, including roads Expansion of radio
25	Canessa’s thesis The spread of Protestantism can be linked to the progressive integration of Indians into the national economy and culture.
26	Costs of being Catholic Fiesta complex Compadrazgo
27	Changing social supports Economic dependence on community to Economic dependence on immediate family Need for capital accumulation Moral support & constraints weaken in city Drinking shifts from occasional to frequent Support for family weakens Domestic violence increases Shift in required work ethic Agricultural – sporadic, cooperative Urban – reliable, steady
28	Status markers Racial discrimination In urban context, western clothes mark higher status than indigenous clothes
29	Protestantism Creates the possibility to become “new people” Break with communal social institutions Replacement with voluntary social networks New morality of individual accomplishment
30	Dual faces of Protestantism Creating pliant labor force for more effective exploitation by transnational capital Providing a set of values and sense of pride and community to better withstand the pressures of transnational capitalism