1	Theories of ethnic conflict Orchestrated from above for political ends “political entrepreneurs” Local conflicts result of “Primitive Balkinism” – aberrations, deviant actions Local conflicts rooted in clan vendettas, local faction fighting (Bax)
2	Planned Policy or Primitive Balkanism? A local contribution to the ethnography of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina Mart Bax In Ethnos 65(3, 2000):317-340
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6	Related websites http://www.moonshadowart.com/ www.susansanderford.com/ medjugorje/ www.stoessel.ch/ bosnia/medjugorje.htm
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8	Historic background of war 400 years of warfare between Ottoman and Habsburg Empires
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12	Ottoman Empire at Greatest Extent 15^th century
13	Historic background of war 400 years of warfare between Ottoman and Habsburg Empires WWII – Axis and Allies tore it apart
14	Historic background of war 400 years of warfare between Ottoman and Habsburg Empires WWII – Axis and Allies tore it apart Cold War – West and East
15	Historic background of war 400 years of warfare between Ottoman and Habsburg Empires WWII – Axis and Allies tore it apart Cold War – West and East Ethnic patchwork: Serbs from south, Croats from Dalmation coast, Muslim converts
16	Historic background of war Tradition of small-scale resistance to Ottomans – continued as resistance to Serbs & Croats, variously, after 1918 1912 & 1918 – fall of Ottoman and Habsburg Empires Kingdoms of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes founded in 1918 (renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia – 1929)
17	Origin of “Serbs” & “Croats” Perhaps Middle Ages – two kingdoms Serbian Orthodox Church Roman Catholicism – Croats After 1918 – Kingdom dominated by Serbs Interethnic tensions, esp. in Bosnia. Croat resistance (ustasa) Intensified Serb repression, using Cetnici
18	"Serb nationalist map http://..." Serb nationalist map http://www.srpska-mreza.com/library/facts/map-Britannica-1986.html
19	WWII Axis powers supported Croats – Independent State of Croatia, incl. Bosnia-Herzogovina and Croatia– attempt to purge region of Serbs Medjugorje was an Ustasi (Croat) stronghold Lost almost half its population, other destruction Tito – Communist – incorporated Serb Cetnici in his partisan force. 1943 – Yugoslavia founded, Tito as head (neg. with Allies – incl. USSR)
20	Post-WWII Medjugorje area: Former Ustasi not allowed in gov’t, CP – Serbs dominated Official discourse of “Brotherhood and Unity” masked existence of Croats and Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina “Croats” become “criminals”, “subversive elements”, “reactionary forces” Serbs control government
21	1970s Ustasi (Croat) began to gather in Bosnia and Herzogovina – included Medjugorje Cetnici (Serb) formed in response 1981 – Visions of Mary, focused on peace Major pilgrimage site Peaceful behavior necessary Infused lots of money
22	Effects in Medjugorje Ostojici Clan – formerly marginal with many emigrating, now prosperous due to proximity to site – émigrés come home. Jerkovici and Sivrici Clans humiliated Their prosperity, based on good lands – grapes & tobacco – no longer secure basis for status Scorned Ostojici reliance on good relations with government bureaucrats, etc.
23	1990 Escalating violence – Serb and Montenegro Drove pilgrims away. Ostojici got most of what business was left 1991 – Ostojici guests prevented from visiting pilgrimage site. Ostojici called police – Called “little Serbs” by the Jerkovici and Sivrici Abt. 40 men of the two clans disappear
24	"Escalating violence in region" Escalating violence in region. Serb communities receive arms from Serbia for defense against “fascist aggression” Croats break into arms depots Yugoslav army breaks up into warring factions Ostojici perceived as allying with Cetnici = enemy Ostojici graves blown up, other alarms associated with ethnic cleansing Stepanovici created – Croat partisans Nov. 1991 blew up 30 of 170 cisterns, shot Ostojici cattle Ostojici brought in reinforcements. Destroyed 12 Sivrici cisterns
25	Christmas 1991 - crisis Old Jerkovic clan elder hit by Ostojici bullet à blood being spilled Cycle of revenge Ostojici women and children left Escalating violence against property 80 people killed – atrocities May – Passing Croation militia attacked, completely “cleansing” the Ostojici hamlet. 100 people shot and killed
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27	Theories of ethnic conflict Orchestrated from above for political ends Local conflicts result of “Primitive Balkinism” – aberrations, deviant actions Bax – local conflicts rooted in clan vendettas, local faction fdighting Crumbling state monopoly on organized violence “War” has different meanings – and causes – in different locales and times “Identities” fluid and malleable
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